Modern medicine has been built upon animal testing, leading to life-saving medical treatments while advancing pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Nevertheless, animal testing remains controversial in first-world societies, where ethical rationalists argue that it is unjustifiable to exploit animals for scientific gain as it violates the universal maxim; a utilitarian approach, however, demonstrates that it produces the “greatest happiness of the greatest number” (Bentham 61) and is a moral obligation for the benefit of humanity.